“The Politics of
Anti-Westernism: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought”
The Ottoman Empire was an empire primarily in Europe
first and then went to the Middle East – and it never ruled over India,
Afghanistan, Indonesia or Malaysia.
Japan became a symbol of the Asian “yellow race” after
Russo-Japanese War. Their victory became seen as a first victory of an
Asian-Eastern race against the white Western race
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